应对恐怖爆炸袭击建筑物防护的研究现状综述

使用人体炸弹、邮件炸弹、箱包炸弹和汽车炸弹对目标进行恐怖爆炸袭击,是当前恐怖主义活动中最常采用的方式。大当量的箱包炸弹和汽车炸弹对建筑物的破坏作用尤为严重,一旦成功实施将会对建筑物造成严重破坏,并对建筑内人员的生命安全形成巨大威胁。本文针对性的介绍了爆炸荷载作用下建筑物的响应情况、不同防护距离和防护等级下建筑物的破坏情况和程度,总结了国内外对于建筑物承受爆炸荷载时的防护距离和荷载计算方面的规定,可供重要建筑物防恐怖爆炸袭击的防护技术、防护措施的研究参考。     

有风情况池火灾热辐射下的最小安全距离

防火间距是石油化工企业平面设计中的一个重要参数,开放环境下的火灾热辐射受大气稳定程度的影响.本文从计算流体力学角度出发,应用CFD(Computationsl Fluid Dynamics)软件Fluent,基于SCI爆炸火灾工程试验"Pool Fire A"的大气条件,对"有风情况下,直径为10 m的苯液池火灾"进行数值模拟,得出非绝热条件下,苯燃烧的峰温以及产物组分、池火灾对周围环境热辐射的空间分布.温度最高点在对称面y=0上,最高温度为1 478 K、火焰倾斜角度为32°(与竖直方向的夹角)、火焰高10.2 m.对于锰钢材料、内径为10 m苯储罐,2～3级风力情况下,相邻两储罐间最小安全距离在上风向为20 m,下风向为27 m.最后对模拟结果进行了分析.     

企业职业伤害严重度系数研究

在对不同企业之间的职业伤害风险进行量化和比较时，不同程度职业伤害的统一量化是关键难题。本文使用损失工作日的方法，通过对调研所得有效数据的统计学分析，计算得出企业职业伤害的重伤严重度系数α和轻伤严重度系数β的值，α和β值与国外相关研究结果有较好的可比性。本文所得到的α和β值是对不同企业职业伤害风险量化计算和比较的重要基础。     

SIMULATING THE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN IN A COLD CLIMATE WITH ADAPT1

ABSTRACT: Surface and subsurface drainage make crop production economically viable in much of southern Minnesota because drainage allows timely field operations and protects field crops from extended periods of flooded soil conditions. However, subsurface drainage has been shown to increase nitrate/nitrogen losses to receiving waters. When engaging in drainage activities, farmers are increasingly being asked to consider, apart from the economic profit, the environmental impact of drainage. The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model (ADAPT) was used in this study to evaluate the impact of subsurface drainage design on the soil water balance over a two‐year period during which observed drainage discharge data were available. Twelve modeling scenarios incorporated four drainage coefficients (DC), 0.64 cm/d, 0.95 cm/d, 1.27 cm/d, and 1.91 cm/d, and three drain depths, 0.84 m, 1.15 m, and 1.45 m. The baseline condition corresponded to the drainage system specifications at the field site: a drain depth and spacing of 1.45 m and 28 m, respectively (DC of 0.64 cm/d). The results of the two‐year simulation suggested that for a given drainage coefficient, soils with the shallower drains (but equal DC) generally have less subsurface drainage and can produce more runoff (but reduced total discharge) and evapotranspiration. The results also suggested that it may be possible to design for both water/nitrate/nitrogen reduction and crop water needs.     

西南某水电站岩体质量分级研究

介绍了水利水电工程地质分类、RM R分类和Q系统分类等3种分级法的具体使用和评价标准,并以西南某水电站为例,将这3种分类方法对其坝区围岩分类的结果进行了对比和相关性分析,得出了该水电站围岩合理、科学的评价分类结果。依据此评价结果,绘出了坝区岩体质量分级图,准确显示了坝区的岩体质量特征,证实了3种分级法在该类岩体分级的适用性和统一性。在充分调查和资料掌握的基础上,对岩体工程地质分类在实际工程中的应用提出了具体的指标和实际的操作法。     

高压输电系统对通信局(站)危险影响中地电流系数的确定

高压输电系统发生接地短路故障时,会产生一个地电位升,对通信局(站)会危险影响,为了计算这个危险影响的大小,首先能够准确的计算出高压输电系统的地电流系数。本文论述了高压输电系统对通信局(站)危险影响中地电流系数的确定,介绍了地电流系数的定义,并分析了不同危险情况下地电流系数的计算。     

中国农业现代化发展水平的空间非均衡及动态演进

研究中国农业现代化发展水平的地区差距以及内部动态分布特征对于制定农业现代化发展的相关政策具有重要意义。本文利用1997-2013年中国31个省、市(自治区)的面板数据,构建了农业现代化发展水平的指标体系,进而采用熵权综合指数法测算出中国农业现代化发展水平的综合指数,同时借助Dagum基尼系数和Markov链估计方法对中国农业现代化发展水平的地区差距及其分布动态进行了实证研究,得到如下结论:1Dagum基尼系数及分解结果表明,中国农业现代化发展水平的总体差距在样本考察期内呈现出先上升、后下降的演变趋势。从三大地区来看,东部地区内差距呈现出上升趋势,而中部和西部地区内差距则呈现出下降趋势。地区间差距是造成中国农业现代化发展水平空间非均衡的首要原因,并且其对总体差距的贡献率呈波动上升趋势;地区内差距对总体差距的贡献率变化较小,而超变密度对总体差距的贡献率呈现出先上升、再下降的演变趋势。2Markov链分析表明,中国农业现代化发展水平状态流动性较低。从整体来看,中国农业现代化发展水平存在较为明显的上升趋势,并且农业现代化发展的低水平省份将逐步减少,总体向中等以上水平发展。针对本文实证结果,由此得到如下政策建议:首先,加大国家对西部地区农业基础设施建设的投入,引导农业科技人才回归;其次,加强区域间农业现代化发展全方位的交流与合作,发挥省区之间的协同效应;最后,因地制宜,充分利用资源禀赋,推动农业现代化发展。     

阿什河底栖动物群落特征及影响因子

阿什河作为松花江的一级支流,全境包含了从Ⅰ类到劣Ⅴ类的各种类型水质。通过对阿什河沿线底栖动物群落构成进行调查,结合典范对应性分析(CCA)对底栖动物群落与环境因子进行相关性分析得出结论,溶解氧和高锰酸盐指数为研究区域内底栖动物群落构成的主要限制因子。为分析不同水质条件下底栖动物种群变化成因和从生物学角度提出阿什河治理方法提供技术依据。     

青岛市采暖期PM2．5与大气能见度的关系

利用青岛市大气综合观测站的研究性监测数据，分析了2011年采暖期PM2.5和能见度的相关性，结果表明：①能见度在≤3km时，对应的PM2.5浓度超出0．250mg／m^3，属于严重污染；②PM2.5浓度对能见度的影响存在一临界区域，当PM2.5浓度低于该临界区时能见度会随PM2.5浓度减少迅速改善，临界值大致位于PM2.5浓度为0．100mg／m^3处；③相对湿度小于85％时，能见度与PM2.5浓度呈显著负相关。其中，相对湿度在60％-70％时，能见度与PM2.5浓度之间的相关性最好，PM2.5对能见度的影响最直接。     

Developing Metapopulation Connectivity Criteria from Genetic and Habitat Data to Recover the Endangered Mexican Wolf

Restoring connectivity between fragmented populations is an important tool for alleviating genetic threats to endangered species. Yet recovery plans typically lack quantitative criteria for ensuring such population connectivity. We demonstrate how models that integrate habitat, genetic, and demographic data can be used to develop connectivity criteria for the endangered Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), which is currently being restored to the wild from a captive population descended from 7 founders. We used population viability analysis that incorporated pedigree data to evaluate the relation between connectivity and persistence for a restored Mexican wolf metapopulation of 3 populations of equal size. Decreasing dispersal rates greatly increased extinction risk for small populations (<150–200), especially as dispersal rates dropped below 0.5 genetically effective migrants per generation. We compared observed migration rates in the Northern Rocky Mountains (NRM) wolf metapopulation to 2 habitat‐based effective distance metrics, least‐cost and resistance distance. We then used effective distance between potential primary core populations in a restored Mexican wolf metapopulation to evaluate potential dispersal rates. Although potential connectivity was lower in the Mexican wolf versus the NRM wolf metapopulation, a connectivity rate of >0.5 genetically effective migrants per generation may be achievable via natural dispersal under current landscape conditions. When sufficient data are available, these methods allow planners to move beyond general aspirational connectivity goals or rules of thumb to develop objective and measurable connectivity criteria that more effectively support species recovery. The shift from simple connectivity rules of thumb to species‐specific analyses parallels the previous shift from general minimum‐viable‐population thresholds to detailed viability modeling in endangered species recovery planning. Desarrollo de Criterios de Conectividad Metapoblacional a Partir de Datos Genéticos y de Hábitat para Recuperar al Lobo Mexicano en Peligro de Extinción